Milan's Age Of Austerity

Although Milan more than played their part in last week’s thrilling 2-2 draw at the San Siro against old rivals Real Madrid, especially the effervescent Pippo Inzaghi, it is fair to say that the rossoneri have started the season in somewhat inconsistent fashion, having already suffered painful defeats against Cesena and Juventus in Serie A and only winning one of their four Champions League games to date (at home against Auxerre). It remains to be seen whether Milan can mount a challenge for honours this season, but the early signs are not overly convincing.

In spite of the arrival of strikers Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Robinho late this summer, it is far from certain that the team will improve on its recent indifferent record. Even though Milan have finished third in each of the last two seasons, this is nothing to write home about for a club with such a glorious history.

We are after all talking about an enormously successful club that has won the Italian Championship 17 times, the Champions League on an incredible seven occasions (only bettered by Real Madrid) and the European Cup Winners’ Cup twice. Throw in four world club titles plus five UEFA Super Cups and it is understandable why this is one of the most famous and popular football clubs on the planet.

"Ibra points the way forward"

However, older Milan fans will be only too aware that the current team is not a patch on those that they watched sweep all before them many years ago. In the late 80s, Arrigo Sacchi’s side produced a magnificent brand of attacking football, driven forward by the Dutch stars, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard and the incomparable Marco Van Basten, winning the European Cup twice in a row. The momentum was maintained in the first half of the 90s under Fabio Capello, when the team won three consecutive scudetti, including the amazing achievement of not losing a single match in the 1991/92 season, and demolished Barcelona 4-0 in the 1994 European Cup Final.

Happy days, but the last few seasons have been barren in comparison, even though Milan did revisit former glories when they beat Liverpool 2-1 to win the 2007 Champions League through two goals from that man Inzaghi. This relative lack of success has been made even worse for the Milanisti, as their city rivals Inter have become the dominant force in Italian football, winning the last five league titles and adding insult to injury by triumphing in the Champions League last May.

It has been obvious for some time that the ageing Milan squad is in desperate need of a radical overhaul via an injection of youth. Although the famed Milan Lab has worked minor miracles in extending the ability of the older players to continue in the top flight, the law of diminishing returns must inevitably apply. Even if the spirit is willing (and I’m not entirely sure that it is any more), the flesh is weak. The problem is that so many of the team have become old at the same time that wholesale changes are now required. In order to achieve this and still remain competitive, the club will need to find money and lots of it, but this seems unlikely, given recent spending patterns and the noises emanating from Milan’s executive management.

"Galliani doesn't seem too worried"

Long gone are the days when the notorious owner Silvio Berlusconi, whose day job just happens to be the Prime Minister of Italy, injected bundles of cash into the club. Indeed, his company Fininvest has given Milan’s vice-president Adriano Galliani a very clear instruction to balance the books, as it has no intention of covering huge losses year after year. As well as this internal pressure, Milan must also face up to the new world of UEFA Financial Fair Play where clubs will have to operate within their means without the assistance of a wealthy benefactor. This was acknowledged by Galliani with an acerbic reference to Massimo Moratti’s generosity at neighbours Inter, “We can’t go spending €809 million in five years.”

This is all eminently reasonable from a business perspective, but Milan supporters don’t understand why the formerly benevolent Berlusconi has turned off the money tap, so much so that there have even been fan protests asking him to once again put his hand in his pocket or leave the club to somebody who will splash the cash. There is the obligatory group on Facebook (“Berlusconi – leave Milan”), but this has already attracted over 30,000 members, so these are hardly isolated voices.

The change in Milan’s financial fortunes has been dramatic, as can be seen when looking at their net transfer spend over the last twelve year period: in the first four years (1999-2003), Milan’s net spend was a substantial €260 million, when they bought superstars of the calibre of Rui Costa, Inzaghi, Nesta, Shevchenko, Seedorf and Pirlo. However, in the following eight years, the net spend was effectively zero. Even when they paid big money for someone like Ronaldinho in 2008, this was recouped (and more) with the sale of Kaka the following season.

Last year, Galliani advised supporters that the club had to pay attention to its budget, while he was even more explicit this summer, “We have to sell before we can buy.” Nowhere was this more apparent than when Milan sacrificed their Brazilian star Kaka on the altar of the balance sheet just a few months after Berlusconi celebrated the news that the team’s bandiera had rejected a big money move to Manchester City. This was tantamount to selling the family silver, especially as Kaka did not want to leave, “I wanted to stay on at Milan, but the club is in a big crisis (financially).”

Former captain Paolo Maldini encapsulated the fans’ mood, “Kaka is the first player of this level to be sold (by Milan). In the past an idea like that would never have been considered. Looking at the accounts is logical, but it is also logical to set obtainable targets – and thinking of winning the Champions League without Kaka is a Utopian dream.”

All in all, the transfer window in the summer of 2009 was not the most successful for Milan, as they also missed out on a number of potentially significant signings, including Edin Dzeko, Luis Fabiano and Aly Cissokho. The suspicion was that they simply did not offer enough money to secure their services.

"Thanks for everything"

Nevertheless, Galliani has shown himself to be an astute, cunning “wheeler dealer” on occasions, most notably when he picked up Ibrahimovic and Robinho on the cheap in a crazy few days in late August. Ibra had been sold to Barcelona by Inter just a year before for around €70 million (€50 million cash plus €20 million valuation for Samuel Eto’o), but Galliani engineered a deal whereby Milan would take the enigmatic Swede on loan for the 2010/11 season with an option to buy him for only €24 million in 12 months time. That was impressive enough, but was quickly followed by the purchase of Robinho for €18 million, only two years after Manchester City had paid Real Madrid €43 million for the Brazilian.

Of course, critics might point out that both of these players could be considered risky investments, given their track record of inconsistent performances and their somewhat disruptive nature. Indeed, we have a precedent here, as Ronaldinho was bought for what seemed like a bargain price of €25 million, but he has hardly set the world alight in Italy.

Nevertheless, from a financial perspective, it is abundantly clear that Milan are very focused on not building up a deficit in the transfer market, but, in fairness, they are not alone in this. Even the infamously spendthrift Inter have become parsimonious these days, actually receiving net cash from transfers of over €50 million in the last two years.

But why do Milan need to follow such an austere approach?

The answer is blindingly obvious when you look at their profit and loss account. The harsh reality is that Milan make losses every year – unless they sell a big name player, like Shevchenko in 2006 (profit €42 million). Even this is not always enough, as the huge profit on sales in 2009 of €74 million (Kaka €63 million, Gourcuff €11 million) merely limited the damage, reducing the previous year’s gigantic loss of €77 million to “only” €19 million. Actually, even in 2006 player trading would not have resulted in a profit without the inclusion of a €27 million once-off payment by Mediaset for an option on future TV rights.

In the last twelve years, Milan have only reported a profit twice, so there’s definitely more rosso than nero in these accounts. Operating losses in the last two years have been enormous: €84 million in 2009 and €112 million in 2008, which averages out at nearly €100 million a year. That’s the very definition of an unsustainable business, largely due to an outrageously high wage bill of €172 million, and it does not look like next year’s accounts will be any better. As Galliani warned, “2010 will be more difficult than 2009 which was saved by Kaka.”

Of course, Milan could repeat that trick by selling another world class player, though Galliani denied this last April, “We will not sell any stars. Certainly we won’t sell Pato, Thiago Silva, Ronaldinho, Huntelaar or Borriello.” However, the more observant among you will have noticed that this declaration did not prevent Milan from selling Huntelaar to Schalke 04 or from loaning Borriello to Roma with an option to buy at the end of the season. It would therefore be no great surprise if one of the others were in fact sold next summer to cover the inevitable operating losses, as the only alternative in the short-term is for the owners to once again shoulder the monetary burden.

At this stage, I should clarify that this analysis is based on the accounts for A.C. Milan S.p.A., as opposed to the consolidated Milan Group, because that enables a better like-for-like comparison with other football clubs. In this way, we have excluded the financials for Milan Entertainment S.r.I. and Milan Real Estate S.p.A. This does not make a significant difference to the figures, e.g. Milan Group reported a loss last year of €10 million compared to the football club’s €19 million, though we should acknowledge that the Group’s performance is a little better, mainly due to commercial income in the Entertainment company.

While we are sorting out technicalities, it may not have escaped people’s attention that the revenue figures in our analysis are different from those quoted by the club. Again, in the interests of consistency, I have excluded the following: (a) gate receipts given to visiting clubs €3.2 million; (b) TV income given to visiting clubs €16.7 million; (c) profit from player sales €74.1 million; (d) increase in asset values €6.1 million. Adding the total adjustments of €100.1 million to our revenue of €207.5 million gives the €307.6 million revenue reported by Milan S.p.A. If we then add the €20.0 million from Milan Entertainment and Milan Real Estate, we arrive at the €327.6 million widely reported in the press for Milan Group.

Normally, that €207.5 million revenue would be the figure used by Deloittes for their Money League comparison, but Milan’s accounts have another curve ball to throw at us, as their accounts uniquely cover a calendar year (up to 31 December) in order to be consistent with the timings of their holding company Fininvest. All other clubs manage their accounts to coincide with the football season, so they close them in May, June or July. Because of this timing anomaly, the good folk at Deloittes have confirmed to me that their revenue figure of €197 million was provided directly by the club, but this is within 5% of the revenue reported in the accounts, so the themes are very much the same, whichever figure you take.

OK, that’s enough technical talk, let’s look at how Milan’s business model works.

At first glance, Milan’s revenue of around €200 million might not seem too bad. It puts them firmly in the cluster of leading Italian clubs (Inter and Juventus are about the same) and places them tenth in the Deloittes Money League. However, It’s a long way short of their competitors from other countries. Both of the Spanish giants, Real Madrid and Barcelona, generate significantly more revenue than their Italian counterparts with Madrid earning over twice as much as Milan. It’s the same story in England with Manchester United’s receipts being €130 million higher, while Arsenal’s income is a third higher.

Even more worrying is that Milan’s revenue has been declining over the last five years, while their rivals have been powering ahead. In 2005 Milan were as high as third in the Money League, only behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, but since then their position has worsened every year. In particular, they have been overtaken by Bayern Munich and Arsenal, whose investment in new stadiums has really paid dividends. As Galliani admitted, “Ten years ago we invoiced more than Real Madrid and Barcelona, now only half. Unfortunately today there’s a direct correlation between revenue and sporting results.”

The reason for Milan’s comparative revenue weakness is clear to see, as their match day revenue is one of the lowest around at just €33 million. This is typical of Italian clubs, which is reinforced by the fact that the only two clubs in the Money League top ten earning less from this revenue stream are Inter and Juventus. Even though Milan’s gate receipts are the highest in Italy, it’s a bit like being the tallest person in Lilliput.

On the other hand, Milan’s television revenue is one of the highest at €99 million, representing just over half of the club’s total revenue, which again is a common theme among the top Italian clubs. Almost all of this came from the domestic broadcasting deal with Mediaset, which was extended until the 2009/10 season, as the club only received €0.4 million from the UEFA Cup in 2008/09, compared to €24 million from last season’s participation in the Champions League.

Given that the TV income is still so high, even without any money from the Champions League, only emphasises the importance of the domestic TV deal to the club’s finances. Up until now, Milan have been able to market their TV rights on an individual basis, which has been the source of significant competitive advantage, but Italy has now moved to the collective selling of these rights, which in theory will cause their television revenue to reduce due to the more equal distribution of revenue amongst all clubs.

However, early projections indicate that Milan will only suffer a small decrease for a couple of reasons. First, the total money guaranteed by exclusive media rights partner Infront Sports will be approximately 20% higher than before at over €1 billion a year. Second, the complicated distribution formula still favours the big clubs like Milan: 40% will be divided equally among the 20 Serie A clubs; 30% is based on number of fans (25%) and the population of the club’s city (5%); and 30% is based on past results (5% last season, 15% last 5 years, 10% from 1946 to the sixth season before last).

As you might expect for a club with media magnate Silvio Berlusconi at the helm, television income has always been of great consequence to Milan. In fact, they generated the highest broadcasting revenue of any Money League club in 2007, partly due to the €40 million payment they received for winning the Champions League, a particularly impressive feat as they had to go through the qualifying rounds as part of the punishment for their role in the Calciopoli scandal.

There is no doubt that Champions League qualification is imperative for Milan with the accounts identifying this as the key risk facing the club’s economic prospects. Galliani has warned that losses would rise if the club did not qualify, especially if they tried to maintain a squad of “Champions League quality”. In the past, it’s been very lucrative, especially in the purple patch between 2005 and 2007, during which Milan won the trophy, were runners-up and reached the semi-finals, when they averaged €34 million a season, not including additional gate receipts or increases in sponsorship payments.

They have not touched those heights since, but even in the years when they were eliminated in the round of the last 16, they still earned a very handy sum. Taking 2009/10 as an example, Milan received €24 million , derived from €7.1 million participation fees, €2.8 million for performances in the group (3 wins at €800k plus 1 draw at €400k), €3 million for reaching the last 16 and €10.9 million from the TV (“market”) pool. To place that into context, Inter’s payment for winning the competition was worth €49 million.

Despite Milan’s patchy record in the last few seasons, the club still retains an enduring appeal, which is demonstrated by the commercial revenue holding up reasonably well. Even though last year’s figures were boosted by the once-off sale of Milan’s image archive for €20 million, the club has stated that in the future commercial contracts will be worth a minimum of €64 million a season until 2017.

The new shirt sponsorship with Fly Emirates will run until 2015 and is worth a guaranteed €12 million a season plus performance related bonuses. These can be worth a fair amount, as seen by the previous contract with Bwin, which generated €10.5 million most seasons, but was as high as €14.2 million in the year that Milan won the Champions League. In any case, the club’s sponsorship deals have been on the increase: up to 2006 Opel €9 million, 2006-2010 Bwin €10 million, 2010-2015 Fly Emirates €12 million.

"Boys from Brazil"

Milan have enjoyed a long-term relationship with kit supplier Adidas. The current deal runs until 2017 and produces around €13 million a season. According to the supplier’s sales data, Milan sell between 400,000 and 600,000 shirts a season, which would put them in the top ten clubs worldwide and around the same level as Inter and Juventus, though the likes of Real Madrid and Manchester United sell nearly three times as many. It remains to be seen whether Kaka’s transfer has an impact on these figures, as he was the fans’ favourite, so the vast majority of shirt sales used to have his name on the back.

On the one hand, Milan should be congratulated for their efforts in the commercial field, as they earn more here than any other Italian club. For example, their €12 million shirt sponsorship deal is higher than Inter’s €9 million deal with Pirelli (and remember that the nerazzurri are the Champions League winners) and Juventus’ €8 million contract with Betclic (though this is only for the home shirt).

On the other hand, Milan’s €64 million is much lower than clubs abroad. Real Madrid and Barcelona earn well over €100 million, but the benchmark is set by Bayern Munich, who earn an astonishing €159 million commercial income, despite a fairly ordinary Champions League record (at least in recent times). Of more concern is the ability of English clubs to secure better deals with the most egregious example being Liverpool, whose deal with Standard Chartered is worth €24 million a year, even though they have not even qualified for the Champions League. Similarly, the club’s previous sponsor Bwin pay Real Madrid €20 million a season – twice what they were paying the Milanese team.

Even though there is room for improvement in marketing, Milan’s real issue is match day revenue, which is very low at €33 million. In fairness, this is the highest in Italy, ahead of Inter €28 million, Roma €19 million and Juventus €17 million, but it still looks pretty feeble compared to major clubs in other countries. At the other end of the spectrum, Manchester United and Arsenal generate €128 million and €118 million respectively, which is almost four times as much. That’s a huge advantage, especially when it happens every single season.

Despite attracting average attendances of just under 60,000 in 2008/09, the match day revenue was obviously held back by the lack of Champions League action, though this was offset by raking in €6 million from numerous international friendlies, including games in Qatar and the USA. Of more concern is the dramatic decrease in attendances last season, when the average fell to 43,000. From having the highest crowds in Serie A, Milan have now fallen behind Inter and Napoli.

Nevertheless, the development and commercialisation of the stadium is the key revenue issue for Milan to address. As Galliani explained, “A new stadium is essential for a club that wants to compete in the future. Look at Bayern Munich: since they built a new stadium, their revenue has increased by €60 million.” This is why both Milan and Inter are exploring possible alternatives to the current ground sharing arrangement at San Siro, though some believe that this is merely a ploy to force the local council to sell the stadium for a nominal fee, which would free up funds for the extensive renovations required to modernise the famous old ground.

"Grounds for separation?"

It’s not just that Milan currently pay the council over €4 million rental a year under a 30-year lease ending in 2030, but the lack of ownership means that they miss out on profitable opportunities like premium seating, corporate boxes, restaurants, retail outlets, naming rights and non-sporting events. It had been hoped that the stadium would be developed as part of Italy’s bid for Euro 2016, but this was lost to France. Instead, investment might be made in order for the stadium to meet the standards required to host the 2015 Champions League final.

Whatever the solution, something must surely be done, as this massive revenue shortfall means that Milan are not competing on a level playing field. As Galliani lamented, “The rankings for revenue and sporting success tend to coincide. The gap comes from different points of departure: in the case of Milan the gate receipts do not reach €30 million a year.” There is no doubt that it would require substantial funds to build a new stadium, but we have seen how beneficial that can be to other teams. Also, much of the funding could be sourced from innovative deals, e.g. over 60% of the money for building Juventus’ new stadium is derived from a long-term naming rights deal with a marketing partner.

Even with all these challenges, the revenue of €208 million would not be too bad, if it were not for the inconvenient fact that costs are almost 50% higher at €292 million, leaving a vast deficit of €84 million.

The main culprit is the hefty wage bill of €172 million, which is the second highest in Italy behind Inter’s €205 million. When noted sports journalist Fabio Ravezzani was asked to explain how Milan could make such large losses, even though they had one of the highest revenues of Italian clubs, he replied, “The answer is simple: Milan’s wage bill is exaggerated. Much higher than Juventus.”

In fact, Milan’s wage bill looks very high compared to almost all other Italian clubs. According to a survey by La Gazzetta dello Sport, the salaries for the 25 players in their first team squad amount to €130 million, far higher than the likes of Roma €83 million, Fiorentina €42 million, Lazio €41 million, Sampdoria €35 million and Napoli €28 million.

The total payroll of €172 million, including all staff and bonuses, also looks excessive in comparison with foreign clubs. It’s only just behind big spending Real Madrid’s wage bill of €187 million, but higher than Manchester United €155 million, Bayern Munich €139 million, Arsenal €130 million and Lyon €112 million, all of whom have progressed further than Milan in the Champions League in the past few seasons.

The steady increase in Milan’s salaries has resulted in a wages to turnover ratio of 83%, which is far higher than UEFA’s recommended maximum limit of 70%. However, this actually represents an improvement on the previous year’s 100%, thanks to some revenue growth. Let’s consider what that statistic means for a moment: every Euro invoiced by the club is spent on wages, leaving nothing for any other expenses or indeed a transfer budget.

In fairness, this is a common problem for Italian football. Deloittes’ analysis of the top five European leagues for the 2008/09 season revealed that the average wages to turnover ratio for Serie A was the worst at 73%, even higher than the Premier League 67% and much more than the prudent Bundesliga 50%.

"Plenty of fight left in Gattuso"

That said, Milan are planning to slash their payroll by 30%. This has proved difficult up to now, as the club has been unable to offload older players, because of their high wages. Either this “dead wood” was unwilling to leave for less money or other clubs were reluctant to match their salaries. Frankly, this looks very much like an example of poor management, but fortunately Milan will be able to finally address this issue at the end of the season when ten players’ contracts expire, including the likes of Ronaldinho, Seedorf, Nesta, Ambrosini, Inzaghi and Jankulovski.

That could reduce the wage bill by around €50 million, bringing it down to more sustainable levels. Clearly, these players will need to be replaced, but the cost should be much less, e.g. according to La Gazzetta, Ronaldinho’s salary is €7.5 million, but Milan should be able to find an equivalent striker for €4.5 million (Diego Milito’s salary).

The player amortisation should also reduce either from the sale of the older players or simply from the fact that the original purchase costs have been fully amortised, though this could be more than off-set by the new amortisation from bringing in replacements. Remember that amortisation is the annual cost of writing-down a player’s purchase price. For example, Robinho was signed for €18 million on a four-year contract, but his transfer is only reflected in the profit and loss account via amortisation, which is booked evenly over the life of his contract, i.e. €4.5 million a year (€18 million divided by four years).

To be fair, Milan’s player amortisation is already relatively low at €41 million, compared to those clubs that have traditionally spent big in the transfer market: Manchester City €83 million, Barcelona €71 million, Real Madrid €64 million, Chelsea €57 million and Inter €50 million.

Milan’s deficit is one of the reasons why their debt is so high. In fact, net debt at the group level has doubled in the past four years from €151 million to €301 million. Actually, net debt is almost identical to gross debt, as the club has no cash to speak of, and mainly comprises €171 million of bank loans plus €118 million owed to factoring companies based on future income. This is considerably more than Inter’s bank loans of €48 million, though it’s worth pointing out that Milan are owed €81 million from other football clubs, including €47 million from Real Madrid for Kaka and €7 million from Real Zaragoza for Ricardo Oliveira. In contrast, Milan only owed other clubs €16 million, mainly €10 million to Real Madrid for Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and €4 million to Fluminense for Thiago Silva.

This has necessitated the support of the owners, with Fininvest explicitly stating in the accounts its commitment to support the club “for a period that will not be less than 12 months from the date of the approval of the financial statements.” Even though Berlusconi is reported by Forbes to be the third richest man in Italy, he has not provided financial support at the same lofty levels that Massimo Moratti has offered to Inter. Nevertheless, he has still contributed over €100 million in the last five years, though his children are apparently pressurising him to stop opening his wallet. This has been denied by Galliani, who claimed, “Berlusconi is still very much in love with Milan and will continue to put money in (though without going crazy).”

This debate has raised the prospect of Berlusconi selling Milan, as he might no longer consider the football club a strategic asset for his multimedia empire. Such talk has been exacerbated by the financial difficulties faced by Fininvest, particularly the court ruling that ordered the company to pay €750 million damages to CIR, the media group formed by Carlo de Benedetti. There have certainly been offers, including €700 million from Albanian oil tycoon Rezart Taci, while the press has speculated about interest from Russian gas giants Gazprom and Libyan sovereign funds.

"Nesta - still a pretty good player"

The club’s owners have denied any intention to sell, “Fininvest is compelled once again to state, in the most peremptory and absolute manner, that there is no possibility of a sale (even partial) of Milan’s shares.” This was reinforced in the Financial Times by a banker who knows Berlusconi, “Selling AC Milan would be seen as the beginning of the end of his empire.”

The other consideration would be whether a sale would damage him politically. Berlusconi’s initial rise to the political summit just happened to coincide with Milan’s irresistible progress on the pitch. As Paddy Agnew, a Rome-based football journalist, commented, “Berlusconi will frequently use the club to recreate a winning image of himself.” This might explain the spectacular arrival of big names Ibrahimovic and Robinho, which could be an attempt to boost his flagging popularity in the opinion polls. On the other hand, political reasons may also explain why Berlusconi cannot spend too much money on his football club, as this would not look good when the rest of the country is suffering one of the worst economic recessions for years.

Even if Berlusconi did want to return to the good old days with a few extravagant purchases, he needs to be mindful of the new UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations, which will ultimately exclude from European competitions those clubs that fail to operate within their means, i.e. make a profit. These will be implemented in the 2013/14 season, though the monitoring period will cover the preceding two reporting periods, 2011/12 and 2012/13, so clubs like Milan are under pressure to rapidly eliminate their losses.

"The peerless Pirlo"

Wealthy owners will be allowed to absorb aggregate losses of €45 million over three years for the first two monitoring periods, so long as they are willing to cover the club’s losses by making equity contributions. The maximum permitted loss then falls to €30 million from 2015/16 and will be further reduced from 2018/19 (to an unspecified amount). Although Milan’s last results were within this “acceptable deviation”, this was only achieved with the highly profitable sale of Kaka, which cannot be repeated every year, hence the push to cut the wage bill.

Of course, it would be preferable to reach break-even by growing revenue, but that is future music, very reliant on commercial expansion plus a new (or redeveloped) stadium. On the face of it, you might expect Milan to be against such constraints, but Michel Platini, UEFA’s president, has been quick to emphasise: “It's mainly the owners that asked us to do something – Roman Abramovich, Silvio Berlusconi and Massimo Moratti. They do not want to fork out from their pockets any more.”

So what is the way ahead for Milan? Actually, it could be “Back to the Future” with the club again focusing on developing young players from the primavera. In the glory years, Milan’s first team included many in-house products like Franco Baresi, Paolo Maldini, Billy Costacurta and Demetrio Albertini, so this has worked well in the past. It’s also been a successful strategy at other clubs, notably Barcelona and Bayern Munich, so it’s equally relevant in modern times.

"Many headaches for Berlusconi"

It is debatable whether Berlusconi would have the patience to adopt such an approach. After all, he’s not getting any younger and he gives every appearance of being a man looking for instant gratification (in whatever he does), so he might instead opt to play the transfer market. Actually, in the short-term this might not be such a bad idea, as Milan is sitting on a lot of unrealised profit with the players valued at €98 million in the balance sheet, but worth around €245 million in the real world (according to Transfermarkt).

This leaves the club on the horns of a dilemma, as they need to cut back on their expenditure, but at the same time they must spend to ensure that they have a competitive squad or risk missing out on qualification for the Champions League, which they can ill afford. Appropriately enough for a club nicknamed the “devil”, it’s a case of damned if you do, damned if you don’t – a high-wire balancing act that will require all the skill and experience of the Berlusconi-Galliani axis. The question is will they be up to the task?